Description
Table of contents
Executive summary (2)
Table of figures (6)
Introduction (7)
Production of lithium-ion batteries – increase in volume (7)
EV uptake and the demand for energetically dense batteries (7)
Chemistries of lithium-ion batteries (9)
Economic and environmental concerns for “end of life” EV batteries (15)
Lifetime of lithium-ion batteries in EVs (17)
Recycling of lithium-ion batteries (18)
Policy concerning recycling (19)
Metals of interest (21)
Material Volumes (26)
Methods of recycling lithium-ion batteries (28)
Economics of battery recycling (32)
Recycling Companies and Actors (36)
Concerns with collection, transportation, and hoarding (37)
Second-life applications (38)
Rationale for second-life applications (40)
Current methods and obstacles (41)
Pricing and availability (45)
Market potential for EV second-life batteries (45)
Environmental impacts of second-life battery projects (48)
Current and future projects concerning second-life applications (50)
Conclusions (58)
